The following describes the seven layers as defined by the OSI model, shown in the order they occur whenever a user transmits information.This layer supports the application and end-user processes. Level 5 cable is the highest, most expensive grade, offering support for transmission rates of up to 100 Mbps. These benefits, combined with wide acceptance in the computer marketplace and the ability to support virtually all popular network protocols, make Ethernet an ideal networking technology for most computer users today.The Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers developed an Ethernet standard known as IEEE Standard 802.3. Because UTP is often run in conjunction with telephone cabling, this central location can be a telephone closet or other area where it is convenient to connect the UTP segment to a backbone. 0000229014 00000 n As shown in the figure, 10 gigabit Ethernet physical layer consists of sublayers which include XGMII(10 Gbps Media Independent Interface), � Hubs provide the signal amplification required to allow a segment to be extended a greater distance. A standard Ethernet network can transmit data at a rate up to 10 Megabits per second (10 Mbps). Gigabit Ethernet NICs are 10/100/1000 capable with auto negotiation depending on the user’s Ethernet speed. When the token arrives at a particular computer (or device), the recipient is allowed to transmit data onto the network.
Refer following links to navigate articles on 10, 40 and 100 Gigabit Ethernet Physical Layers(PHYs). Local Area Networks or LANs are usually confined to a limited geographic area, such as a single building or a college campus. Existing Ethernet LANs with 10 and 100 Mbps cards can feed into a Gigabit Ethernet backbone to interconnect high performance switches, routers and servers.From the data link layer of the OSI model upward, the look and implementation of Gigabit Ethernet is identical to that of Ethernet. 0000004521 00000 n 0000006471 00000 n
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Individuals, professionals and academics have also learned to rely on computer networks for capabilities such as electronic mail and access to remote databases for research and communication purposes. The number and type of hubs in any one-collision domain is limited by the Ethernet rules.
Also known as “gigabit-Ethernet-over-copper” or 1000Base-T, GigE is a version of Ethernet that runs at speeds 10 times faster than 100Base-T. 0000230401 00000 n Summarizing our discussion from Section 5.3, recall that CSMA/CD employs the following mechanisms: 1. Other computer users on the network continue to operate as if that segment were non-existent.Ethernet is a shared medium, so there are rules for sending packets of data to avoid conflicts and to protect data integrity. 802.11 specifies over-the-air interface between a wireless client and a base station, or between two wireless clients. For laptop computers there is an increasing trend for them to be much thinner. WPA also provides user authentication with the extensible authentication protocol (EAP).More than just a technology, the Internet has become a way of life for many people, and it has spurred a revolution of sorts for both public and private sharing of information. Many nodes can tap into the bus and begin communication with all other nodes on that cable segment. 0000007942 00000 n Fast Ethernet provides faster throughput for video, multimedia, graphics, Internet surfing and stronger error detection and correction.There are three types of Fast Ethernet: 100BASE-TX for use with level 5 UTP cable; 100BASE-FX for use with fiber-optic cable; and 100BASE-T4 which utilizes an extra two wires for use with level 3 UTP cable. Two general configurations are used, bus and star. Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are all protocols with physical layer components.This order is then reversed as information is received, so that the physical layer is the first and application layer is the final layer that information passes through.In order to understand standard Ethernet code, one must understand what each digit means.
This standard raises the Ethernet speed limit from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps with only minimal changes to the existing cable structure. 0000230637 00000 n Other LAN types include Token Ring, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and LocalTalk.Ethernet is popular because it strikes a good balance between speed, cost and ease of installation.
This eliminates the need for a separate interface controller which, as previously mentioned can be complex and costly. 0000229375 00000 n Special routing protocols and filters minimize the expense of sending data over vast distances.Wireless LANs, or WLANs, use radio frequency (RF) technology to transmit and receive data over the air. A node is an active device connected to the network, such as a computer or a printer. The most popular source of information about almost anything, the Internet is used daily by technical and non-technical users alike.With the meteoric rise in demand for connectivity, the Internet has become a major communications highway for millions of users. Access to the network is guaranteed, and time-sensitive applications can be supported. This minimizes the amount of cable needed as well as eliminates the difficulties and cost of installing extra outlets.Token Ring is another form of network configuration.
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